Tolnaftate Drug Profile:

Tolnaftate Drug Profile: Exchange Names: Tinactin Equivalent word: Tolnaftato, Tolnaftatum Structure: Fig: Structure of Tolnaftate Compound Name: 0-2-naphthyl methyl (3-methyl phenyl thiocarbamate) Depiction: Tolnaftate is a manufactured thiocarbamate utilized as an enemy of parasitic operator that might be sold without clinical solution in many purviews. It might come as a cream, powder, splash, or fluid vaporized, and is utilized to treat contagious conditions, for example, muscle head tingle, competitors foot and ringworm. It is sold under a few brand names in including Tinactin, smell Eaters, Absorbine, Aftate, Ting (85) . Atomic Weight: 307.41 g/mol Component of Action: Tolnaftate is a topical fungicide. In spite of the fact that its precise component obscure, it is accepted to forestall Ergosterol biosynthesis by repressing squalene epoxidase (86) . It has likewise been accounted for to contort the hyphae and to stunt mycelia development in powerless living beings (87) . Liquefying Point: 110-111.50C (230-2330F) Pharmacological Action: Tolnaftate, a pharmacologically idle new fungicide for topical treatment of shallow mycoses, has been accounted for to be exceptionally viable in skin diseases brought about by normal pathogenic growths just as being non-aggravating and non-sharpening. It is a fungicidal invitro. During clinical examination, considers indicated no adjustments in the blood and pee of patients given tolnaftate topically, recommending that the medication isn't poisonous to the kidney or the hematopoietic framework. Contorts hyphae and hinders mycelia development in helpless organisms. The counter dermatophyte specialist to tolnaftate was contrasted and the allylamine hostile to parasitic mixes naftifine and terbinafine. Tolnaftate was appeared to hinder sterol biosynthesis at the level squalene epoxidation and squalene was appeared to aggregate in dermatophytes developed in its quality. Biochemical investigations in entire and broken cells bolstered this end and demonstrated that the compound was dynami c against squalene epoxidation in broken candida albicans cells, however was mwch less strong against entire cells. These outcomes proposed there was a boundary to entrance in these yeasts (88) . Reactions: Aggravation Pruritus Contact dermatitis Beginning: 24-72 Hours Measurements: Topical/cutaneous: Superficial dermatophyte diseases, pityriasis versicolor. Grown-up: Apply a 1% gel/arrangement/powder/cream offer for 2 a month and a half; rehash if essential. Proceed with treatment for about fourteen days after vanishing of all manifestations to forestall repeat of contamination. Capacity: Topical/Cutaneous: Store at 15-300C TOLNAFTATE DRUG PROFILE: Exchange Names: Tinactin Equivalent word: Tolnaftato, Tolnaftatum Structure: Fig: Structure of Tolnaftate Concoction Name: 0-2-naphthyl methyl (3-methyl phenyl thiocarbamate) Portrayal: Tolnaftate is an engineered thiocarbamate utilized as an enemy of contagious operator that might be sold without clinical solution in many purviews. It might come as a cream, powder, splash, or fluid vaporized, and is utilized to treat contagious conditions, for example, muscle head tingle, competitors foot and ringworm. It is sold under a few brand names in including Tinactin, scent Eaters, Absorbine, Aftate, Ting (85) . Atomic Weight: 307.41 g/mol Instrument of Action: Tolnaftate is a topical fungicide. In spite of the fact that its careful instrument obscure, it is accepted to forestall Ergosterol biosynthesis by hindering squalene epoxidase (86) . It has likewise been accounted for to twist the hyphae and to stunt mycelia development in defenseless living beings (87) . Liquefying Point: 110-111.50C (230-2330F) Pharmacological Action: Tolnaftate, a pharmacologically idle new fungicide for topical treatment of shallow mycoses, has been accounted for to be profoundly viable in skin contaminations brought about by basic pathogenic parasites just as being non-disturbing and non-sharpening. It is a fungicidal invitro. During clinical examination, contemplates demonstrated no adjustments in the blood and pee of patients given tolnaftate topically, proposing that the medication isn't poisonous to the kidney or the hematopoietic framework. Mutilates hyphae and restrains mycelia development in vulnerable parasites. The counter dermatophyte operator to tolnaftate was contrasted and the allylamine against contagious mixes naftifine and terbinafine. Tolnaftate was appeared to hinder sterol biosynthesis at the level squalene epoxidation and squalene was appeared to aggregate in dermatophytes developed in its essence. Biochemical examinations in entire and broken cells bolstered this end and indicated that the compound was dyna mic against squalene epoxidation in broken candida albicans cells, however was mwch less powerful against entire cells. These outcomes recommended there was an obstruction to entrance in these yeasts (88) . Symptoms: 1.Irritation 2.Pruritus 3.Contact dermatitis Beginning: 24-72 Hours Measurement: Topical/cutaneous: Superficial dermatophyte contaminations, pityriasis versicolor. Grown-up: Apply a 1% gel/arrangement/powder/cream offer for 2 a month and a half; rehash if important. Proceed with treatment for about fourteen days after vanishing of all side effects to forestall repeat of disease. Capacity: Topical/Cutaneous: Store at 15-300C 3.2.1 LECITHIN Equivalent words Pc; kelecin; LECITHIN; Alcolec-S; granulestin; L-Lecithin; LIPOID(R)E80; Lecithin, NF; Phospholutein; E322; egg lecithin; LSC 5050; LSC 6040; blended soybean phoaphatides; ovolecithin; Phosal 53 MCT; Phospholipon 100 H; Prokote LSC; soybean lecithin; soybean phospholipids; Sternpur; vegetable lecithin (89) . Structure Where red †choline and phosphate gathering; dark glycerol; green unsaturated fat; Blue immersed unsaturated fat. Substance name 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine Atomic weight 789 g/mol Portrayal Lecithin happens light yellow to dull earthy colored, straightforward or translucent, gooey fluid substance, as white to brown powder or granules, or as a light yellow to dim earthy colored bump, having a slight, trademark scent and taste. Recognizable proof: (1) Place 1 g of lecithin into a kjeldahl flagon, include 5 gm of powdered potassium sulfate and 0.5 gm of cupric sulfate, and 20 ml of sulfuric corrosive. Tilt the cup at about 45ËÅ ¡C edge, heat tenderly until the effervesense , and raise the temperature to bubbling. After the substance become blue, straightforward arrangement, heat for 1-2 hours, cool and include an equivalent volume of water. Take 5 ml of this arrangement, and include 10 ml of ammonium molybdate arrangement (1 â†' 5), and warmth. A yellow accelerate is shaped. (2) To 0.5 g of lecithin, include 5 ml of weakened hydrochloric acid(1â†'2), heat in a water shower for 2 hours and channel. Utilize this arrangement is considered as a test arrangement. Perform paper chromatography with 10  µl of the test arrangement, utilizing choline chloride arrangement (1 â†'200) as the control arrangement and a blend of n-butanol, water, and acidic corrosive (4:2:1) as the creating dissolvable. A re d orange spot is gotten from the control arrangement is watched. In paper chromatography for the channel paper, utilize a No. 2 channel paper. Stop the advancement when the creating dissolvable ascents around 25 cm, air-dry, shower with Dragendorffs reagent to build up a shading, and see in sunshine (90) . Dissolvability Insoluble in chilly water and furthermore CH3)2CO. Dissolvable in around 12 pieces of outright liquor. Solvent in chloroform, oil ether, mineral oil and unsaturated fats. Sparingly solvent in benzene. Insoluble in chilly vegetable oils and creature oils (91) . Consistency Consistency of lecithin is legitimately impacted by heat. Lower temperature rises to higher consistency and tight clamp versa. The impact of temperature on lecithin thickness is curvilinear, implying that at low temperatures, a little increment in heat causes an elatively bigger diminishing in consistency. For instance, a lecithin with a thickness of 10,000 centipoise at 24 0C, may have a consistency of 5000 centipoise at 350C. An expansion in temperature to 460C may bring down the consistency to 3000 centipoise and further increment to 570C would lessen thickness to 2250 centipoise. Blending oil, for example, soybean oil or fish oil, with the lecithin at a pace of 20 % oil and 80 % lecithin as a comparative effect on consistency as raising temperature by 110C. As it were, a standard liquid lecithin with 10,000 centipoise consistency when blended in with 20 % soybean oil would have a surmised thickness of 5000 centipoise (92) Run of the mill PROPERTIES Corrosiveness/alkalinity pH = 5.5â€8.0 for a 1 % w/w watery arrangement Debris 1.5â€3.0 %, contingent on the evaluation and thickness Auto start temperature 360 ºC Thickness (mass) 0.341 g/cm3 Thickness (tapped) 0.557 g/cm3 Thickness (valid) 1.326 g/cm3 Explicit gravity 1.26 Dissolving point Browns at 190â€200  ºC. Scorches at 225â€230  ºC. Glass change temperature is 170â€180  ºC. Iodine number 95-100 for fluid lecithin. 82-88 for powdered lecithin. Saponification number 196 Practical Category Lecithin is a conventional term to assign any gathering of yellow-tanish greasy substances happening in creature and plant tissues, and in egg yolk. It is normally made out of phosphoric corrosive, choline, unsaturated fats, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. It is regularly utilized as an emulsifying agent.Available in assortment of structures including granules, delicate gels and chewable tablets. Applications: Lecithins are utilized in a wide assortment of pharmaceutical applications. They are additionally utilized in beauty care products and food items. Lecithins are essentially utilized in pharmaceutical items as scattering, emulsifying, and balancing out operators, and are remembered for intramuscular and intravenous infusions, parenteral nourishment definitions, and topical items, for example, creams and salves. Lecithins are additionally utilized in suppository bases to decrease the fragility of suppositories, and have been researched for their assimilation improving properties in an intranasal insulin detailing. Lecithins are likewise generally utilized as a part of enteral and parenteral sustenance details. There is proof that phosphatidylcholine (a

Prohibition2 Essay Example For Students

Prohibition2 Essay Disallowance One of the most disputable, the Eighteenth, and later, its annulment, the Tweny-First correction, had a major effect on America, and their thoughts are as yet discussed today. Forbiddance has had a wide range of view focuses from the earliest starting point. Disallowance began some time before the Eighteenth Amendment. Associations against liquor, for example, the Anti-Saloon League and the Womans Christian Temperance Union were prevailing with regards to establishing neighborhood forbiddance laws, transforming the battle into a national exertion. In the late 1900s there was a normal of one cantina for each 150 to 200 individuals, including nondrinkers, because of rivalry in fermenting organizations. The significant grumbling was the sex and betting that accompanied the cantinas. Initially it was begun as awartime gravity measure in 1917, and later Congress proposed the Eighteenth Amendment. As indicated by Dennis Mahoney, in 1919, it was endorsed and became effective. The Volstead demonstration was supported by Andrew J.Volstead on October 28, 1919. It implemented the new Amendment. During Prohibition there was a slight drop in manslaughter rates around the nation. On January 16, 1920, the incredible law became effective. The Eighteenth amendment made it prohibited to make, sell, transport, import or fare any inebriating alcohols. This was questionable on the grounds that it turned the regular dedicated man or lady, who delighted in a beverage following a difficult days work, into a criminal in the laws eyes. In The History of Prohibiton, a site by J. McGrew, it expresses that Prohibiton likewise gave lawbreakers, for example, Al Capone, the chance to take care of off the unlawful substance. The composed wrongdoing circuit gobbled up Prohibition and started to contraband liquor. Neighborhood drug stores and storm cellars close to the fringe became centers for the exchanges. The Big Bosses would buy it in Canada, where it was lawful and import it to the US. A prime case of the sorted out wrongdoing is in the film, Legends of the Fall. Both the Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Amendment are referenced in the film, as it depicts a little league boot legger going toward a major sorted out wrongdoing family, at long last numerous individuals lost their lives over liquor and cash. Speakeasies, illicit bars, jumped up all over. They advanced the most noticeably awful of indecency, sex and betting, just as drinking. Also, just because ladies were seen smoking in broad daylight. Bath gin and other unlawful blending was all over the place. Not exclusively was the home made liquor exceptionally strong it could likewise be profoundly lethal. In the event that you endure, you could possibly be visually impaired or debilitated from terrible spoil gut. I as of late addressed my granddad on the issue and he was cited to state Oh sure, we prepared our own lager and wine, we didnt care. The general population was exhausted. Efficient gatherings like the Womans Organization for National Prohibition Reform developed quickly and following thirteen years it detonated during the 1932 presidential crusade. The democrats and their agent, Senator, Franklin D. Roosevelt, bolstered the change. Supported by the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, Roosevelt got the nullification. On February 20, 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment was proposed and on December 5, it was endorsed. The freshest Amendment to the Constitution revoked the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act. After its annulment it required some investment for the utilization pace of Alcohol to return to the pre-Prohibition level. All things considered, the Noble Experiment (a name for Prohibiton, found in a wide range of sources) fizzled. The proof unmistakably shows that the states of the Nation were obviously better without Prohibition and the Eighteenth Amendment. One of the most examined and bantered of this century, will this issue be conveyed into the following on the rear of Marijuana? List of sources:

Self-Modification Behavior to Cope With Panic Attacks

Self-Modification Behavior to Cope With Panic Attacks Panic Disorder Coping Print How Self-Modification Can Help Lessen Panic Attack Behaviors By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Updated on February 07, 2020 Rutherhagen, Peter / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Self-modification programs focus on helping people manage unwanted or dysfunctional behavioral responses when dealing with their problems. For example, if you have panic attacks as a result of panic disorder (PD), a common dysfunctional behavioral response is avoidance. Unfortunately, avoiding fearful situations does nothing to help in your recovery from PD. In order for a self-modification program to be successful, you must first take a careful inventory of your current behavior patterns to discover how you deal with anxiety and panic. For example, do you avoid going to the mall because you fear a panic attack will cause you embarrassment? Or, perhaps you keep to yourself in social situations out of fear that others may discover your “panic secret.” Steps to Beginning a Self-Modification Program You can begin a self-modification program by following these basic steps. Establish Realistic Goals Many times goals are unfulfilled because of unrealistic expectations or because a person lacks the necessary skills for their achievement. For example: Betty has not been able to drive for the past four years due to recurrent panic attacks. She is fortunate to have a wonderful support person who provides her with transportation. Unrealistic Goal: Drive by herself on the expressway to attend a family function in two weeks. Realistic Goal: Drive two blocks to a local store, with a support person by her side, in one month. Identify Target Behaviors Look at your goals to identify what behavioral changes need to take place in order for your goals to be accomplished. Identify what obstacles may impact your ability to make these changes and form some possible solutions. For example: Lou has been experiencing panic attacks for 6 months. He used to enjoy socializing with friends and family. But since his panic attacks began, he finds himself making excuses to avoid being in social situations that trigger his anxiety and panic responses. In this example, the target behavior is avoidance. Lou will need to put himself into those situations that he fears. In order for this to be successful, he will need to learn and practice some coping techniques, such as: Positive self-talk or affirmationsThought stoppingDeep breathingProgressive muscle relaxation (PMR) Self-Monitor Observing your own behavior is a necessary part of any self-modification program. To do this, it is best to keep a panic diary to record the triggers of your anxiety and panic, your behaviors and the resulting consequences. Create a Plan for Change This becomes your action plan. You start by making a list of your feared situations. Then put yourself into the least feared situation and use the techniques mentioned above to help you cope with your panic triggers. As you practice your action plan, the goal is to become desensitized to the situations that produce your fear and panic responses. Evaluate Your Action Plan Is your action plan getting you toward your goals? If not, it is necessary to make some revisions. Evaluation of your plan should be an ongoing process. It’s not uncommon to find what will work for you through a trial and error process. And, behavioral changes often take time and practice. Don’t be discouraged if your first attempts don’t work right away or give you immediate results. Keep trying, and you’ll likely find what works for you.

What Is the Contact Hypothesis in Psychology

The contact hypothesis is a theory in psychology which suggests that prejudice and conflict between groups can be reduced if members of the groups interact with each other. Key Takeaways: Contact Hypothesis The contact hypothesis suggests that interpersonal contact between groups can reduce prejudice.According to Gordon Allport, who first proposed the theory, four conditions are necessary to reduce prejudice: equal status, common goals, cooperation, and institutional support.While the contact hypothesis has been studied most often in the context of racial prejudice, researchers have found that contact was able to reduce prejudice against members of a variety of marginalized groups. Historical Background The contact hypothesis was developed in the middle of the 20th century by researchers who were interested in understanding how conflict and prejudice could be reduced. Studies in the 1940s and 1950s, for example, found that contact with members of other groups was related to lower levels of prejudice. In one study from 1951, researchers looked at how living in segregated or desegregated housing units was related to prejudice and found that, in New York (where housing was desegregated), white study participants reported lower prejudice than white participants in Newark (where housing was still segregated). One of the key early theorists studying the contact hypothesis was Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport, who published the influential book The Nature of Prejudice in 1954. In his book, Allport reviewed previous research on intergroup contact and prejudice. He found that contact reduced prejudice in some instances, but it wasn’t a panacea—there were also cases where intergroup contact made prejudice and conflict worse. In order to account for this, Allport sought to figure out when contact worked to reduce prejudice successfully, and he developed four conditions that have been studied by later researchers. Allport’s Four Conditions According to Allport, contact between groups is most likely to reduce prejudice if the following four conditions are met: The members of the two groups have equal status. Allport believed that contact in which members of one group are treated as subordinate wouldn’t reduce prejudice—and could actually make things worse.The members of the two groups have common goals.The members of the two groups work cooperatively. Allport wrote, â€Å"Only the type of contact that leads people to do things together is likely to result in changed attitudes.†There is institutional support for the contact (for example, if group leaders or other authority figures support the contact between groups). Evaluating the Contact Hypothesis In the years since Allport published his original study, researchers have sought to test out empirically whether contact with other groups can reduce prejudice. In a 2006 paper, Thomas Pettigrew and Linda Tropp conducted a meta-analysis: they reviewed the results of over 500 previous studies—with approximately 250,000 research participants—and found support for the contact hypothesis. Moreover, they found that these results were not due to self-selection (i.e. people who were less prejudiced choosing to have contact with other groups, and people who were more prejudiced choosing to avoid contact), because contact had a beneficial effect even when participants hadn’t chosen whether or not to have contact with members of other groups. While the contact hypothesis has been studied most often in the context of racial prejudice, the researchers found that contact was able to reduce prejudice against members of a variety of marginalized groups. For example, contact was able to reduce prejudice based on sexual orientation and prejudice against people with disabilities. The researchers also found that contact with members of one group not only reduced prejudice towards that particular group, but reduced prejudice towards members of other groups as well. What about Allport’s four conditions? The researchers found a larger effect on prejudice reduction when at least one of Allport’s conditions was met. However, even in studies that didn’t meet Allport’s conditions, prejudice was still reduced—suggesting that Allport’s conditions may improve relationships between groups, but they aren’t strictly necessary. Why Does Contact Reduce Prejudice? Researchers have suggested that contact between groups can reduce prejudice because it reduces feelings of anxiety (people may be anxious about interacting with members of a group they have had little contact with). Contact may also reduce prejudice because it increases empathy and helps people to see things from the other group’s perspective. According to psychologist Thomas Pettigrew and his colleagues, contact with another group allows people â€Å"to sense how outgroup members feel and view the world.† Psychologist John Dovidio and his colleagues suggested that contact may reduce prejudice because it changes how we categorize others. One effect of contact can be decategorization, which involves seeing someone as an individual, rather than as only a member of their group. Another outcome of contact can be recategorization, in which people no longer see someone as part of a group that they’re in conflict with, but rather as a member of a larger, shared group. Another reason why contact is beneficial is because it fosters the formation of friendships across group lines. Limitations and New Research Directions Researchers have acknowledged that intergroup contact can backfire, especially if the situation is stressful, negative, or threatening, and the group members did not choose to have contact with the other group. In his 2019 book The Power of Human, psychology researcher Adam Waytz suggested that power dynamics may complicate intergroup contact situations, and that attempts to reconcile groups that are in conflict need to consider whether there is a power imbalance between the groups. For example, he suggested that, in situations where there is a power imbalance, interactions between group members may be more likely to be productive if the less powerful group is given the opportunity to express what their experiences have been, and if the more powerful group is encouraged to practice empathy and seeing things from the less powerful group’s perspective. Can Contact Promote Allyship? One especially promising possibility is that contact between groups might encourage more powerful majority group members to work as allies—that is, to work to end oppression and systematic injustices. For example, Dovidio and his colleagues suggested that â€Å"contact also provides a potentially powerful opportunity for majority-group members to foster political solidarity with the minority group.† Similarly, Tropp—one of the co-authors of the meta-analysis on contact and prejudice—tells New York Magazine’s The Cut that â€Å"there’s also the potential for contact to change the future behavior of historically advantaged groups to benefit the disadvantaged.† While contact between groups isn’t a panacea, it’s a powerful tool to reduce conflict and prejudice—and it may even encourage members of more powerful groups to become allies who advocate for the rights of members of marginalized groups. Sources and Additional Reading: Allport, G. W. The Nature of Prejudice. Oxford, England: Addison-Wesley, 1954. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1954-07324-000Dovidio, John F., et al. â€Å"Reducing Intergroup Bias Through Intergroup Contact: Twenty Years of Progress and Future Directions.†Ã‚  Group Processes Intergroup Relations, vol. 20, no. 5, 2017, pp. 606-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217712052Pettigrew, Thomas F., et al. â€Å"Recent Advances in Intergroup Contact Theory.†Ã‚  International Journal of Intercultural Relations,  vol. 35 no. 3, 2011, pp. 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. â€Å"A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.  90, no. 5, 2006, pp. 751-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751Singal, Jesse. â€Å"The Contact Hypothesis Offers Hope for the World.† New York Magazine: The Cut, 10 Feb. 2017. https://www.thecut.com/2017/02/th e-contact-hypothesis-offers-hope-for-the-world.htmlWaytz, Adam. The Power of Human: How Our Shared Humanity Can Help Us Create a Better World. W.W. Norton, 2019.

Beneficial Management Contributions - 1482 Words

Every organization begins with a dream. A dream created by entrepreneurial minds at work. When an organization is put together a persons vision is coming to life. The same vision foreseen in their dreams is becoming a reality. This is amazing but can be very scary as well as there are numerous risks involved that can bring on the worse of out comes; a shattered vision. A valuable key to ensure the vision does not crumble at its very foundation is management. Management is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals ( Bateman, and Snell). Now we must ask, is there one fool proof management blueprint to guide the way to an organizations inevitable success? As wonderful as that would be†¦show more content†¦Douglas McGregor was born in 1906. In McGregors earlier years he worked with his grandfather at his institute for transient laborers in Detroit. During this time McGregor formed a close relationship with Abraham Maslow and was greatly influenced by his work. He became influenced by scientific management and thought in terms of the larger picture. During this time McGregor developed his greatest contribution to management, the X-Y theory. The X-Y theory is included in organization behavior. Organizational behavior studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of individual, group, and organizational process. (Bateman, Snell). The X-Y theory says that there are two types of managers differentiating in management style. Theory X says the average employee dislikes working and if at all possible, would avoid working. Because of their nonexistent desire to work, management must apply force with threats of punishment to enable the employee to work towards organizational goals. 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What Race and Ethnicity Means Free Essays

It seems as if some people still want to separate us depending on the color of our skin. Being that there’s so many races mixing, there’s no such thing as a pure race. Race seems to be unimportant to me. We will write a custom essay sample on What Race and Ethnicity Means or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethnicity is a word that I prefer and enjoy when speaking of culture. Ethnicity makes me think of everybody’s struggle dating back from their ancestors to the present. Where did your ancestors originate? Where did you come from? Ethnicity is ones background and cultural differences.For example just because I am considered black doesn’t mean that I am from Africa; which means that I will be considered an African American. I thought for years that I was an African American till an African man that I was friends with broke it down to me and gave me some knowledge to read. He is considered an African American because he’s from Africa and now resides in America. I am considered to be a black American because I’m from America. This is weird being that my ancestors were American Indians.Your ethnicity is the group that others place you. I do have my personal opinion on all of this and why America still tries to identify us by race. Since my opinion was asked I felt the need to tell the truth on how I feel. Race and ethnicity are important in America because some people in the government still strives for division and don’t want us to come together as one. It seems as if the government gets more powerful when we separate ourselves from each other. If we all were to come together I feel as if they would consider us as a threat. How to cite What Race and Ethnicity Means, Papers

Patients and Cancer Essay Example

Patients and Cancer Essay This paper explores different peer-reviewed articles that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived experience of patients with cancer; supporting the fact that individuality is a huge factor in the care of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that may be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing. The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different treatment modalities and the collection methods but have the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with Cancer. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs among others but exercise hope when family support is present. These shortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is received and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer. Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get sad or display other emotions but as nurses do not take enough time to find out what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the end of one’s life, but also touch all aspects of the person’s existence, making it significant to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent killer and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between diagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission). Just knowing that your life will change is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is faced with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions. It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to explain but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowledge can help in terms of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of information provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers experienced frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for th e study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to speak their mind and their experiences. As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states that four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was very small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma. Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The meaning of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death. The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mix of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to impact practice. The other difference is that the latter was done in the patient’s own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome. Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a hospital setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were evident among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs. The study also suggests that results may be different considering different emotional investments in their breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may further aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences. Both studies used the interpretative phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), researched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were identified as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care. They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also expressed hope. These same sentiments were echoed somewhat in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality expressed and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequate, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There w as a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individual’s life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the processing of information since all the participants were older. Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to remain static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however; many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information. The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of relationships, being different from the past and temporality. These patients were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a mountain of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively. From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants experienced fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. Analysis of the data yielded six themes, the impact on day –to- day life, existential meaning, the physical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings ex pressed by all the previously reviewed articles. If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review. Patients and Cancer Essay Example Patients and Cancer Essay This paper explores different peer-reviewed articles that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived experience of patients with cancer; supporting the fact that individuality is a huge factor in the care of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that may be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing. The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different treatment modalities and the collection methods but have the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with Cancer. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs among others but exercise hope when family support is present. These shortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is received and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer. Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get sad or display other emotions but as nurses do not take enough time to find out what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the end of one’s life, but also touch all aspects of the person’s existence, making it significant to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patients and Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent killer and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between diagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission). Just knowing that your life will change is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is faced with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions. It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to explain but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowledge can help in terms of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of information provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers experienced frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for th e study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to speak their mind and their experiences. As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states that four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was very small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma. Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The meaning of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death. The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mix of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to impact practice. The other difference is that the latter was done in the patient’s own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome. Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a hospital setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were evident among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs. The study also suggests that results may be different considering different emotional investments in their breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may further aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences. Both studies used the interpretative phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), researched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were identified as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care. They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also expressed hope. These same sentiments were echoed somewhat in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality expressed and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequate, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There w as a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individual’s life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the processing of information since all the participants were older. Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to remain static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however; many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information. The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of relationships, being different from the past and temporality. These patients were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a mountain of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively. From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants experienced fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. Analysis of the data yielded six themes, the impact on day –to- day life, existential meaning, the physical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings ex pressed by all the previously reviewed articles. If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review.